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Your email address will not be published. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The book begins using a case based approach. The cases presented cover the diseases most commonly encountered on a surgical rotation.
The cases are designed to provide the reader with the classic findings on history and physical examination. The case presentation is followed by a series of short questions and answers, designed to provide further understanding of the important aspects of the history, physical examination, differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up and management, as well as questions that may arise on surgical rounds. Key figures and tables visually reinforce the important elements of the disease process.
Example 4 Solve the proportion find the value of x. Rewrite the proportion as a fraction. The value for x is Example 5 Solve the proportion find the value of x. The answer to x is Solve the following for x: 3. How much will it cost John to buy five bags of chips?
The recipe states that 4 cups of sugar will make cookies. How many cups of sugar are needed to make 90 cookies? Example 1 Change the decimal to a percent: 0. Move the decimal point to the right of the hundredths place two places. Put the percent sign behind the new number. Example 2 Change the decimal to a percent: 0. Move the decimal point to the right of the hundredths place always two places! It is still a percent; it is just a very small percent.
Example 3 Change the percent to a decimal: Move the decimal two spaces away from the percent sign to the left.
Drop the percent sign; it is no longer a percent, but a decimal. The decimal point is not visible, but is always located after the last number. Move the decimal two spaces away from the percent sign toward the left. Drop the percent sign; the number is no longer a percent, but a decimal. Change the fraction into a division problem and solve. Move the decimal behind the hundredths place in the quotient. Place a percent sign after the new number.
Percent formula: Using this formula will help in all percent problems in which there is an unknown solving for x. Example 1 What is 7 out of 8 expressed as a percent? Rewrite the problem using the percent formula. We are looking for the whole because of is indicating an unknown number. What is 15 out of 75 as a percent? What is 2 out of 50 as a percent? What is 20 out of as a percent? What is Military time uses the numbers 00 through 23 to represent the hour in a hour period.
The minutes and seconds in hour clock and military time are expressed the same way. For example, AM hour clock time converts to military time. The zero is not needed when converting 10 AM or 11 AM. If the time is after noon, simply add 12 to the hour number. Midnight, or 12 AM, is converted to Noon, or 12 PM, is converted to Table summarizes the equivalents between military time and hour clock time.
Military time is written with a colon between the minutes and seconds just as in the 12 hour clock. It can also be expressed with a colon between the hours and the minutes. Constant: A number that cannot change. Expression: A mathematical sentence containing constants and variables i. Exponent: A number or symbol placed above and after another number or symbol a superscript or subscript , indicating the number of times to multiply.
Algebra is a process that involves variables and constants. A variable is a letter that represents an unknown quantity. A constant is a number that cannot change. Using the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, we can use algebra to find the value of unknown quantities.
Two algebra concepts discussed in this section will be evaluating expressions and solving equations for a specific variable. If a number has no sign e. Substitute the numbers into the given expression. Use parentheses when inserting numbers into an expression. Subtract 5 from each side of the equation. Divide both sides by 4. Example 4 Steps 1. Add 4 to both sides.
A negative divided by a negative is a positive. We live in an age of instant telecommunication and think nothing of it. Yet, it is the written word that allows a person to record information that can travel across time and distance, to be examined and reexamined. In the health care setting, this is especially true for the health care provider as well as other members of the health care team as this is how information is shared among members of the health care team.
A clear understanding of all client information ensures better health care management for the client. Any student wishing to enter the health care profession must have the ability to read and understand the written word. In longer passages the reader might find it helpful to count the number of paragraphs used to describe what is believed to be the main idea statement. If the majority of paragraphs include information about the main idea statement the reader has chosen, the reader is probably correct.
However, if the answer chosen by the reader is mentioned in only one paragraph, the main idea that was chosen is probably just a detail. Another helpful hint in identifying main ideas is to read a paragraph and then stop and summarize that paragraph. This type of active reading helps the reader focus on the content and can lessen the need to reread the entire passage several times. Some students find that visualizing as they read helps them remember details and stay focused.
They picture the information they are reading as if it were being projected on a big-screen TV. If you do not already do this, try it.
Informal classroom experiments have proved that students who visualize while reading comprehension tests easily outscore their counterparts who do not visualize. HESI Hint Main ideas can be found in the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a paragraph or passage. Always check the introduction and conclusion for the main idea. Finally, not all main ideas are stated. Identify unstated or implied main ideas by looking specifically at the details, examples, causes, and reasons given.
Main idea Some experts like to compare the main idea with an umbrella covering all or most of the details in a paragraph or passage. The chosen main idea can be tested for accuracy by asking whether the other details will fit under the umbrella.
The idea of an umbrella also helps visualize how broad a statement the main idea can be. Without these details, the reader would not be able to evaluate whether the writer has made his or her case, nor would the reader find the passage as interesting. In addition to examples, facts and statistics may be used. Usually the reader can discover clues to help identify details because often an author uses transition words such as one, next, another, first, or finally to indicate that a detail is being provided.
The reader can, of course, stop and use a dictionary or the Thesaurus for these words. However, this is usually neither the most efficient nor the most practical way to approach the unknown words. There are other options the reader can use to find the meanings of unknown words, and these involve using context clues.
The phrase context clue refers to the information provided by the author in the words or sentences surrounding the unknown word or words. Some of the easiest context clues to recognize are as follows: 1. Definition—The author puts the meaning of the word in parentheses or states the definition in the following sentence.
Synonym—The author gives the reader another word that means the same or nearly the same as the unknown word. Antonym—The author gives a word that means the opposite of the unknown word. HESI Hint The reader needs to watch for clue words such as although, but, and instead, which sometimes signal that an antonym is being used. Restatement —The author restates the unknown word in a sentence using more familiar words.
Examples —The author gives examples that more clearly help the reader understand the meaning of the unknown word. Explanation —The author gives more information about the unknown word, which better explains the meaning of the word.
Word structure —Sometimes simply knowing the meanings of basic prefixes, suffixes, and root words can help the reader make an educated guess about an unknown word.
HESI Hint When being tested on finding the meaning of a word in the context of a passage, look carefully at the words and sentences surrounding the unknown word. The context clues are usually there for the reader to uncover. Once the correct meaning has been chosen, test that meaning in the passage. It should make sense, and the meaning should be supported by the other sentences in the passage or paragraph.
Readers read to be entertained, and authors write to entertain. Readers choose to read for information, and writers write to inform.
Who is the intended audience? Why is this being written? Connotation refers to the emotions or feelings that the reader attaches to words. The tone of this article is positive because the words inspired and visionary are positive words.
The reader can determine that the tone is unfavorable because of the words the writer chose. Typically, articles with obvious positive or negative tones and connotations will be found on the opinion or editorial page of the newspaper. Articles or books written to inform should be less biased, and information should be presented in factual format and with sufficient supporting data to allow readers to form their own opinions on the event that occurred.
The words are the key clues. An assumption is a set of beliefs that the writer has about the subject. To distinguish between fact and opinion, the reader must understand the common definitions of those words. A fact is considered something that can be proved either right or wrong.
For example, at the time Columbus sailed for the New World, it was considered a scientific fact that the world was flat. Columbus proved the scientists wrong. An opinion is a statement that cannot be proved. Word choices that include measurable data and colors are considered factual or concrete words. If the writer uses evaluative or judgmental words good, better, best, worst , it is considered a statement of opinion. Abstract words love, hate, envy are also used in statements of opinion.
These include ideas or concepts that cannot be measured. Statements that deal with probabilities or speculations about future events are also considered opinions. An inference is an educated guess or conclusion drawn by the reader based on the available facts and information.
Although this may sound difficult and sometimes is, it is done frequently. Determining inferences is a skill often referred to as reading between the lines. The key to making logical inferences is to be sure the inferences are supportable by evidence or facts presented in the reading. This often requires reading the passage twice so that details can be identified.
Yet this skill can be mastered easily when the following three rules are used: 1. The summary should include the main ideas from the beginning, middle, and end of the passage.
The summary is usually presented in sequence; however, occasionally it may be presented in a different order. The summary must have accurate information. Sometimes a test summary will deliberately include false information.
In that case, the critical reader will automatically throw out that test option. Summary questions will typically take the longest for the student to answer because to answer them correctly the student must go through each summary choice and locate the related information or main idea in the passage itself. Double-checking the summary choices is one way to verify that the reader has chosen the best summary. If the summary choice presents information that is inaccurate or out of order, the reader will automatically eliminate those choices.
HESI Hint Remember, the summary should include the main ideas of the passage, possibly with some major supporting details.
It is a shortened version of the passage that includes all the important information, eliminating the unnecessary and redundant. As health care costs go up and health care needs increase with age, Medicare is especially important to seniors. Medicare Part A provides assistance with inpatient hospital costs, whereas Medicare Part B helps pay for doctor services and outpatient care. In , Congress enacted Medicare Part D, which today helps many seniors pay for the cost of prescription drugs.
Before the enactment of Medicare Part D, many seniors faced financial hardship in regard to purchasing prescription drugs. Today, it is no longer a question of whether to pay for housing and food or prescription drugs, but which Part D plan provides the best prescription coverage. Although Part D has alleviated many uncertainties, seniors still have concerns.
Not all prescription drugs are covered in each plan provided by Part D. Each plan has its own list of covered drugs that can change, requiring seniors to possibly switch coverage every year. Seniors who suffer from multiple medical conditions may not be able to find a plan that covers all their prescribed medications. A coverage gap is a temporary limit on what the prescription plan will pay.
Medicare helps provide seniors with some of the best health care in the world. Yet, the services do come at a huge financial cost. It might behoove younger generations to consider preventive care to improve their own golden years. The high cost of prescription drugs is a difficult financial burden for seniors. Medicare Part D has many problems and no benefits. Senior citizens enrolled in Medicare Part D have no prescription drug concerns.
Which of the following is not listed as a detail in the passage? By the year the number of seniors over the age of 65 will increase. Medicare Parts A and B help pay for hospital costs and doctor services. Seniors are required to enroll in Medicare Part D. What is the meaning of the word behoove as used in the last paragraph? To be necessary B. To be responsible for C.
To increase D. To tell others 4. To inform people how to enroll in Medicare B. To persuade seniors to enroll in Medicare Part D C. To analyze the provisions of Medicare Part D 5. Identify the overall tone of the essay. Argumentative B. Cautious C. Sympathetic D. Pessimistic 6.
Which of the following statements is an opinion? Senior citizens pay a monthly insurance premium for Part D coverage. The high cost of prescription drugs has made life difficult for seniors. In , Congress enacted Medicare legislation that provides prescription drug coverage. Not all prescription drugs are covered in each plan provided by Medicare Part D. Which statement would not be inferred by the reader? Most Americans will never have a need for Medicare and its various parts.
Some age-related illnesses might be averted with preventive care. Some seniors could find themselves changing their Part D coverage yearly. Choose the best summary of the passage. Americans are growing older every year and are requiring more and more health care. The three parts of Medicare can ease the financial burden of seniors. Prescription drug care provided through Part D makes life much easier for seniors.
Even though there are concerns about Medicare, Part D ensures that all seniors have the medical coverage they need. Medicare Parts A, B, and D help seniors pay for hospital costs, doctor and outpatient services, and prescription drugs. Answers to Review Questions 1. C—main idea 2. C—supporting detail 3. A—meaning of word in context 4. B—fact and opinion 7.
A—inferences 8. The reading edge. New York: Houghton Mifflin; In addition to the use of specific medical terms, many general vocabulary words are used in a health care context. It is essential that students planning to enter the health care field have a basic understanding of these general vocabulary words to ensure accurate communication in a professional setting. The following list of vocabulary words includes a definition for each word and an example of the word as used in a health care context.
Careful study and review of these vocabulary words will help you begin your health profession studies with the ability to communicate in a professional manner. HESI Hint Being able to use a wide range of vocabulary skills correctly is considered by some experts to be the best measure of adult IQ.
Abstain: To voluntarily refrain from something. Example: The dental hygienist instructed the patient to abstain from smoking to improve his breath odor. Accountable: To be responsible.
Example: Paramedics are accountable for maintaining up-to-date knowledge of resuscitation techniques. Acute: Sudden, intense. Example: The nurse administered the prescribed pain medication to the patient who was experiencing acute pain after surgery.
Adhere: To hold fast or stick together. Adverse: Undesired, possibly harmful. Example: Vomiting is an adverse effect of many medications. Aegis: Control, protection. Example: Unit staffing decisions are under the aegis of the nurse manager. Ambivalent: Uncertain, having contradictory feelings.
Example: After learning that she had breast cancer, the patient was ambivalent about having a mastectomy. Apply: To place, put on, or spread something. Example: The nurse will apply a medication to the wound before covering the wound with a bandage. Assent: To give consent; to agree. Audible: Able to be heard. Bacteria: Single-celled, microscopic organisms. Bilateral: Present on two sides.
Example: The unlicensed assistive personnel reported to the nurse that the patient had bilateral weakness in the legs when walking. Cardiac: Of or relating to the heart. Example: Smoking increases the risk of cardiac disease. Cavity: An opening or an empty area. Cease: Come to an end or bring to an end. Chronology: Order of events as they occurred; timeline. Example: The police interviewed witnesses and first responders to determine the chronology of the accident.
Compensatory: Offsetting or making up for something. Concave: Rounded inward. Concise: Brief, to the point. Example: When teaching a patient, the nurse tried to be concise so that the instructions would be easy to remember. Consistency: Degree of viscosity; how thick or thin a fluid is in relation to how it flows. Example: The respiratory therapist noticed that the mucus the patient was coughing was of a thin, watery consistency.
Constrict: To draw together or become smaller. Example: The nurse knows that the small blood vessels of the skin will constrict when ice is applied to the skin. Contingent: Dependent. Example: The hygienist told the patient that a healthy mouth is contingent on careful daily brushing and flossing. Contraindication: A reason something is not advisable or should not be done. Convulsive: Having or causing convulsions, i. Cursory: Quick, perfunctory, not thorough. Example: During triage, the paramedic gave each accident victim a cursory examination.
Defecate: Expel feces. Example: The unlicensed assistive personnel helped the patient to the toilet when the patient needed to defecate. Deficit: A deficiency or lack of something. Example: The therapist explained that the patient will experience a fluid deficit if the patient continues to perspire heavily during exercise without drinking enough fluids.
Depress: Press downward. Depth: Downward measurement from a surface. Example: The physician measures the depth of a wound by inserting a cotton swab into the wound. Deteriorating: Worsening. Device: Tool or piece of equipment. Diagnosis: Identification of an injury or disease. Example: The patient received a diagnosis of pancreatitis. Dilate: To enlarge or expand. Dilute: To make a liquid less concentrated.
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